Uniform flow displacement pump

ABSTRACT

A displacement pump comprising a pump assembly and a cassette assembly. The pump assembly includes upper and lower housing portions that define a cavity, an arm disposed in the cavity, a roller attached to the distal end of the arm, and a motor attached to the proximal end of the arm for rotating the arm. The cassette assembly is removably disposed in the cavity and comprises upper and lower cassette housing portions that form an annular compression surface with a channel therein. A hollow compression tube having a flange extending along a length thereof is secured to the compression surface by the flange being engaged with the channel. As the motor rotates the roller arm, the roller presses the compression tube against the compression surface to create a moving occlusion of the compression tube for pushing fluid through the compression tube.

This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,150,607, filed onOct. 29, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 60/427,468, filed Nov. 18, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and systems for analyzingparticles in a dilute fluid sample, and more particularly to pumpsutilized by such systems to manipulate the fluid samples.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Methods and systems for analyzing particles and particularly sedimentsare well known in the art, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,338,024 and4,393,466, which are incorporated herein by reference. Such systemsutilize a flow cell though which fluid samples are passed, and aparticle analyzer for capturing still frame images of the fluid passingthrough the flow cell. Thus, the flow cell positions and presents thesample fluid containing particles of interest for analysis. The moreaccurately that the sample fluid is positioned by flow cell, the betterthe analysis of the particles therein that can be made.

Typical flow cells cause the sample fluid, and a sheath fluid thatbuffers the sample fluid, to flow together from a large entry chamberinto a small cross sectional examination area or region. The transitionfrom the inlet or entry chambers to the examination region forms ahydrodynamic lens that squeezes both the sample fluid and the sheathfluid proportionally into the smaller space. Where the particles ofinterest are microscopic particles, the resulting cross-sectional spaceoccupied by the sample fluid must be positioned within the depth offield of the analyzer, such as an optical system or a laser system, toobtain the best analytical information. For the best hydrodynamic focus,a large area of sheath flow must envelop the small area of sample fluidwithout any swirling or vortices. Thus, uniform flow of sample andsheath fluids through the flow cell is essential for optimal operationof particle analyzers.

Displacement pumps, (e.g. tubing or peristaltic pumps), are well knownin the art and have been used to pump fluid samples and sheath fluidsthrough flow cells. Conventional peristaltic pumps include multiplerollers that roll along flexible tubing containing fluid. The rollerspush the fluid along the length of the tubing, drawing fluid into aninput end of the tubing and forcing fluid out an output end of thetubing. A common configuration includes a rotating hub with rollers onits periphery, and an annularly shaped housing against which the tubingis pressed. With each rotation of the hub, each roller engages with,rolls along the length of, and disengages from, the tubing. At least oneof the rollers is in contact with the tubing at all times so that fluidcannot flow backwards through the tubing.

Conventional peristaltic pumps have several drawbacks. For example,multiple rollers engaging with and disengaging from the flexible tubecause pulsations in the fluid flow through the pump, which can beproblematic for proper operation of flow cells. Moreover, the amount offluid delivered by the pump for n degrees of rotation is dependent onthe starting angle of the rollers. Most pump designs only retain thetube at its ends, relying on the multiple rollers engaged with tubing tohold it in its circular path along the housing. Thus, the tube canstretch and contract as the rollers move across its length, which againcan cause varying flow and uncertainty in the volume moved by rollers.Lastly, when the pump is shut down, rollers are left in contact with thetube, causing compression setting (flat spotting) of the tube, whichadversely affects the uniform flow of the fluid after the pump isactivated again.

There is a need for a displacement pump that provides uniform fluid flowof known and repeatable quantities, and which does not produce flatspots on the tube during non use.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a pump that includes a compression surface, ahollow compression tube secured to the compression surface, andcompression means for incrementally compressing the compression tubeagainst the compression surface to create a moving occlusion of thecompression tube that uniformly pushes fluid through the compressiontube, wherein the compression means has at least one rest position inwhich the compression means does not compress the compression tube.

In another aspect of the present invention, a pump includes a pumpassembly and a cassette assembly. The pump assembly includes a pumphousing that defines a cavity, a roller disposed in the cavity, and amotor for moving the roller relative to the housing. The cassetteassembly is removably disposed in the cavity and includes a cassettehousing having a compression surface, and a hollow compression tubesecured to the compression surface. As the motor moves the roller, theroller presses the compression tube against the compression surface tocreate a moving occlusion of the compression tube for pushing fluidthrough the compression tube.

Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparentby a review of the specification, claims and appended figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is an exploded view of the pump assembly of the presentinvention.

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the pump assembly of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2A is an exploded view of the cassette assembly of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the cassette assembly (withoutcompression tube) of the present invention.

FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the cassette assembly of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3 is a top view of an alternate embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a top view of a second alternate embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a third alternate embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The uniform displacement pump of the present invention is illustrated inFIGS. 1A-1B and 2A-2C, and includes a pump assembly 10 and a cassetteassembly 12.

FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate the pump assembly 10, which includes a housinghaving upper and lower housing portions 20 a/20 b respectively, that arehingedly attached to each other by a hinge 22 and hinge bracket 24. Whenupper housing 20 a is closed over lower housing 20 b, an annular cavity26 is defined thereby. A roller arm 28, which is preferably springloaded, is disposed in the cavity 26. Roller arm 28 has a proximal endat the center of the cavity 26, and a distal end with an outwardlyfacing compression roller 29 mounted thereon. A motor 30 has a driveshaft 32 that extends into the cavity 26 and is attached to the proximalend of the roller arm 28, for rotating the roller 29 around theperiphery of the cavity 26. A sensor assembly 34 is mounted to the lowerhousing 20 b and includes a sensor switch 36 for detecting a closure pin38 from the upper housing 20 a, indicating that the upper housing 20 ais in a closed position over lower housing 20 b. Sensor assembly 34 alsoincludes a sensor switch 37 that detects the presence of the cassetteassembly 12 in cavity 26, and a sensor 40 that detects and verifies theposition of the roller arm 28.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate the cassette assembly 12, which includes ahousing having upper and lower cassette housing portions 46 a/46 brespectively, that snap together via engagement tabs 48 that extend fromthe upper cassette housing 46 a and engage with lower cassette housing46 b. Lower cassette housing 46 b includes an annular sidewall 50 with ashoulder 52 extending from an inner surface of the sidewall 50. Uppercassette housing 46 a includes an annular sidewall 54. When upper/lowercassette housings 46 a/46 b are snapped together, upper cassettesidewall 54 fits inside lower cassette sidewall 50, where sidewall 54and the shoulder portion of sidewall 50 together define an inwardlyfacing annular compression surface 56. Upper cassette sidewall 54 ispositioned a fixed distance away from shoulder 52 to define a channel 58in the annular compression surface 56.

A hollow compression tube 60 is removably disposed along the compressionsurface 56. The compression tube 60 includes a flange 62 adhered theretoor integrally formed therewith. The flange 62 snuggly inserts intochannel 58 with a friction fit that evenly secures compression tube 60against compression surface 56. Preferably, flange 62 is a solidcylindrically-shaped member that is integrally formed as part of thecompression tube 60, and that has a thickness corresponding to the widthof channel 58. The compression tube 60 has an input end 60 a and anoutput end 60 b.

To assemble pump 1, upper and lower cassette housings 46 a/46 b aresnapped together, with a compression tube 60 secured against compressionsurface 56 via flange 62 (held in channel 58). The upper pump housing 20a is rotated open (away from lower pump housing 20 b), and the cassetteassembly 14 is inserted in lower pump housing 20 b. The upper pumphousing 20 a is then closed, securely holding cassette assembly 12 incavity 26.

When motor 30 is activated, roller arm 28 rotates within the cavity 26,so that roller 29 engages with compression tube 60 and compresses itagainst compression surface 56. The spring loaded roller arm 28 ensuresthat roller 29 is compressed against compression tube 60 with thedesired amount of force, so that roller 29 creates an occlusion in thecompression tube 60 which moves along the length of tube 60 as rollerarm 28 makes a single revolution within cavity 26. The moving tubeocclusion pushes a known quantity of fluid through the compression tube60 in a uniform manner. By the time the roller arm 28 completes itssingle revolution, the roller 29 has moved along the entire length ofthe compression tube portion that is disposed on compression surface 56,and has disengaged from compression tube 60. The pump shown in thefigures occludes the compression tube during (or for) 285 degrees of therotation of roller arm 28, leaving 75 degrees of rotation where theroller 29 does not compress tube 60.

Ideally, the diameter of the compression tube 60 is selected so that thedesired amount of fluid for a single process step (e.g. collection ofimages via a flow cell) can be produced by a single revolution of theroller arm 28, thus avoiding any pulsations caused by the repeatedengagement and disengagement of the roller 29 with compression tube 60.By continuously anchoring the compression tube 60 against thecompression surface (i.e. using the continuous flange 62 engaged in thecontinuous channel 58), tube squirm and fluid flow variations causedtherefrom are avoided. A uniform delivery of fluid volume results fromeach incremental degree of rotation of roller arm 28. When the pump isinactive, the roller 29 is preferably parked in a default or restposition shown in FIG. 1A, where the roller 29 does not contact thecompression tube 60, thus preventing premature tube failure due to theformation of flat spots therein. However, roller 29 can be temporarilyparked on compression tube 60 so that the (stalled) tube occlusion actsas a temporary pinch-valve for the fluid inside compression tube 60.

The removable cassette 12 allows for easy replacement of the compressiontubing 60 by the user. Insertion of the flange 62 into channel 58 isconvenient and provides a repeatable positioning of the tubing 60against compression surface 56. The tubing 60, and/or the cassetteassembly 12 in its entirety, can be replaced by the user as tube 60ages, ideally without the use of any tools. Closing upper housing 20 aonto lower housing 20 b compresses the cassette assembly 12 to securecompression tubing 60 and compression surface 56 in place (relative topump assembly 10 and in particular roller 29). The clamping features ofboth the cassette assembly 12 and pump assembly 10 provide repeatableand convenient assembly and performance of the pump. The pump preferablyuses tubing 60 having a symmetrical cross-section, which permits moreuniform fabrication of the tubing and more repeatable pump performance,and is ideal for clamping features of the cassette assembly 12.

It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to theembodiment(s) described above and illustrated herein, but encompassesany and all variations falling within the scope of the appended claims.For example, while pump housing portions 20 a/20 b are shown hingedlyattached, they could instead snap together in the manner shown forcassette housing portions 46 a/46 b, and vice versa. Arm 28 need notnecessarily be spring loaded. Compression surface 56 need not becircular, so long as the spring loaded roller arm 28 can maintain adesired minimal force for compressing compression tube 60. For example,the compression surface could be elliptical, where the rotating springloaded roller arm has enough longitudinal travel (along the length ofarm 28) to maintain contact with the compression tube 60 with sufficientforce during the arm's revolution, as illustrated in FIG. 3.Alternately, the amount of longitudinal travel of the rotating arm couldbe more limited, where the roller 29 ceases compression of, and evenpossibly loses contact with, the compression tube at multiple pointsthrough its revolution, as illustrated in FIG. 4. In this case, theroller 29 twice loses contact with the compression tube 60, so that thepump produces two separate pulses of fluid flow per full revolution ofthe arm 28. In fact, roller 29 need not rotate about a fixed point, butcan include translational movement, as shown in FIG. 5. In thisembodiment, spring loaded arm 28 is connected to a moving conveyor beltor track 64 that moves roller 29 along a planar compression surface 56.One or more additional roller arms 28 (with rollers 29) can be added tobelt/track 64, so long as only one roller is engaged with compressiontube 60 at any given time.

1. A pump, comprising: a compression surface; a hollow compression tubesecured to the compression surface; compression means for incrementallycompressing the compression tube against the compression surface tocreate a moving occlusion of the compression tube that uniformly pushesfluid through the compression tube, wherein the compression means has atleast one rest position in which the compression means is free of allcontact with the compression tube in a manner such that the compressiontube is free of any occlusions; and wherein: a channel is formed in thecompression surface, the hollow compression tube includes a flangeextending along a length thereof that is engaged with the channel forsecuring the compression tube to the compression surface, and the flangeis cylindrically shaped and integrally formed with the compression tube.2. The pump of claim 1, wherein the compression means is a single rollerthat rolls along the compression tube.
 3. The pump of claim 2, wherein:the compression surface is annularly shaped; and the single rollerrotates about a fixed point.
 4. The pump of claim 2, wherein: thecompression surface is elliptically shaped; and the single roller ismounted to a spring loaded arm that rotates about a fixed point.
 5. Thepump of claim 4, wherein as the spring loaded arm rotates through acomplete revolution about the fixed point, the single roller disengagesfrom the compression tube at least twice.
 6. The pump of claim 1,wherein: the compression means is a plurality of rollers that roll alongthe compression tube; and no more than one of the plurality of rollerscompresses the compression tube at any given time.
 7. The pump of claim1, further comprising: a pump housing that defines a cavity, wherein thecompression means is disposed in the cavity; and a cassette assemblyremovably disposed in the cavity, wherein the cassette assembly includesthe compression surface and the hollow compression tube.
 8. The pump ofclaim 1, wherein the compression means includes a second rest positionin which the compression means forms a temporary pinch-valve bytemporarily stalling the moving occlusion of the compression tube.
 9. Apump, comprising: a pump assembly that includes: a pump housing thatdefines a cavity, a roller disposed in the cavity, and a motor formoving the roller relative to the housing; a cassette assembly removablydisposed in the cavity and including: a cassette housing having acompression surface, and a hollow compression tube secured to thecompression surface; wherein as the motor moves the roller, the rollerpresses the compression tube against the compression surface to create amoving occlusion of the compression tube for pushing fluid through thecompression tube, and wherein the roller has a rest position where theroller does not contact the compression tube and the compression tube isfree of any occlusions; wherein: a channel is formed in the compressionsurface, the hollow compression tube includes a flange extending along alength thereof that is removably engaged with the channel for securingthe compression tube to the compression surface, and the flange iscylindrically shaped and integrally formed with the compression tube.10. The pump of claim 9, further comprising: an arm disposed in thecavity and including a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the rolleris attached to the distal end of the arm and the motor is attached tothe proximal end of the arm.
 11. The pump of claim 10, wherein the armis spring loaded for applying pressure on the compression tube by theroller.
 11. The pump of claim 10, wherein the arm has a rest rotationalposition where the roller does not contact the compression tube.
 13. Thepump of claim 12, wherein the arm has a second rest rotational positionwhere the roller forms a temporary pinch-valve by temporarily stallingthe moving occlusion of the compression tube.